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重型颅脑损伤持续颅内压及脑灌注 压监护与预后的关系
李珍兰 刘玲 熊艳梅 叶彩云 袁敬芳 吕文秀
摘要 对50例重型颅脑损伤患者进行颅内压(ICP)与脑灌注压(CPP)连续监测,并根据监测结果及时采取相应的治疗护理措施(监护组);与50例未行连续监测,按常规临床观察进行治疗护理的患者(对照组)进行预后比较。结果表明:监护组并发症比对照组明显减少,致残率及死亡率明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。观察ICP、CPP结果显示:ICP<2.00 kPa、CPP>9.33 kPa的患者预后良好;ICP> 8.00kPa、CPP<6.67 kPa者预后较差。提示:对重型颅脑损伤患者施行连续ICP、CPP监护,有利于了解病情变化,及时采取有效的治疗护理措施,对降低致残率及死亡率具有临床应用价值。 关键词 颅脑损伤;颅内压;脑灌注压;预后
Continuous Monitoring of ICP, CPP and Their Relation to Prognosis of Severe Brain Injury
Li Zhenlan, Liu Lin, Xiong Yanmei, Ye Caiyun, Yuan Jingfang, Lü Wenxiu Huanggang First People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Huanggang 436100
Abstract Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was performed in 50 patients with severe brain injury. According to the monitoring results, corresponding treatment and nursing care were given timely (group Ⅰ).Other 50 patients without undergoing continuous montoring obtained the treatment and nursing in terms of ordinary clinical observation and served as control group (groupⅡ).The prognosis comparison was conducted between the two groups. The results showed that in group I the patients with complications were decreased significantly as compared with group Ⅱ and disability rate and mortality obviously lower than in group Ⅱ(P<0.01).The ICP and CPP measurements demonstrated that the patients with ICP<2.00 kPa and CPP>9.33 kPa had a good prognosis,while the patients with ICP>8.00 kPa and CPP<6.67 kPa had a worse prognosis. It was suggested that continuous ICP and CPP monitoring for the patients with servere brain injury was of great clinical value for knowing the diseased conditions, carrying out effective treatment and reducing the disability rate and mortality. Key words brain injury; intracranial pressure; cerebral perfusion pressure; prognosis
急重型颅脑损伤常引起颅内压(ICP)增高和脑灌注压(CPP)降低。持续ICP、CPP监护对指导治疗和判断预后及提高疗效具有重要作用。我科1995年1月至1998年1月对50例重型颅脑损伤患者进行了持续ICP和CPP监护,及时发现了脑创伤并发症,并采取积极措施,提高了治愈率。报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料:将同期入院的急性重型颅脑损伤、格拉斯哥昏迷计分(GCS)为3~8分的100例患者,随机分为监护组和对照组。两组病例伤情、诊断、手术方式、年龄基本相似。 监护组50例中男32例,女18例,年龄3~80岁,平均32岁。因车祸撞伤20例,高处坠落伤10例,打击伤20例。CT扫描时间:伤后6 h内46例,6~12 h 4例。保守治疗10例,手术40例。 对照组50例中男35例,女15例,年龄4~82岁,平均33.8岁。保守治疗16例,手术治疗34例。 1.2 方法:两组均对患者的意识、瞳孔、神经系体征、生命体征进行监护,每1~2 d查电解质和肾功能1次,视病情作腰穿及脑脊液(CSF)生化检查。 监护组患者入院后2 h内或开颅时先钻孔置入SJN 2081型ICP监护仪(中国船舶总公司江苏雷声电子设备厂生产)传感器,行硬膜外植入法连续ICP监护,根据平均动脉血压计算CPP值。同时,使用日本BSM-7105K型多功能心电监护仪,测量BP及P,每15 min 1次。对所记录的ICP图象和BP值结果进行分析。监护至ICP、CPP恢复正常达24 h或死亡为止。本组监护时间为4~10 d,平均4.8 d。按Mashall降颅压治疗方法[1],ICP升高时,抬高床头15~30,保持呼吸道通畅,予镇静、止痛、止吐、通便等,维持体温<38℃。如ICP>2.67 kPa超过15 min,用20%甘露醇加速脱水治疗,同时用镇静剂、激素、抗生素,输液量1 500~2 000 ml/d,24 h尿量不少于1 000 ml。ICP再度上升,多提示颅内血肿或严重脑水肿,及时复查CT并做相应处理。 对照组未做ICP和CPP监护,按常规治疗,用20%甘露醇(0.5~1 g/kg)加地塞米松5 mg静脉滴注,于15~30 min滴完,6~8 h重复1次,或甘露醇、速尿联合应用,或白蛋白、速尿联合应用。脱水药物连用3~5 d。根据神志、瞳孔变化及神经系体征决定复查CT或手术治疗。 1.3 效果评定标准:以ICP<2.67 kPa,CPP>8.00 kPa为治疗成功标准[2]。两组1~3个月均按Jennett的GOC标准评定治疗效果[3]。
2 结果
2.1 监护组治疗前、后ICP与CPP结果比较:见表1。
表1 监护组治疗前后ICP、CPP结果比较( ±s,kPa) |